Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects the colon and rectum. It is characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the inner lining of the large intestine, leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms. Here's a brief overview of ulcerative colitis:

Causes and Risk Factors: The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the colon, triggering inflammation and ulceration. Risk factors for UC include a family history of the disease, age (usually diagnosed between 15 to 30 years old), and certain ethnic backgrounds.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis can vary in severity and may include:

• Diarrhea: Often with blood or pus in the stool

• Abdominal pain and cramping

• Rectal bleeding

• Urgency to have bowel movements

• Fatigue

• Weight loss

• Loss of appetite

• Fever

• Joint pain

• Skin problems

The symptoms can come and go in episodes, with periods of flare-ups and remission.

Types of Ulcerative Colitis:

Ulcerative colitis can be classified based on the location and extent of inflammation in the colon:

• Ulcerative Proctitis: Inflammation limited to the rectum.

• Proctosigmoiditis: Inflammation in the rectum and sigmoid colon.

• Left-sided Colitis: Inflammation extending up to the splenic flexure of the colon.

• Pancolitis: Inflammation affecting the entire colon.

• Fulminant Colitis: Severe inflammation throughout the colon, often requiring urgent medical intervention.